Saturday, October 20, 2007
Reflections on The Online Assig about "France launches world TV channel"
the article discusses an important issue related to competition between different channels. France joined lately this competition by launching a new channel France 24. The article discussed many issue related with the channel like its low budget compared with CNN or BBC. Adding to this, France 24, is here will cover news with french eye. As far as I am concerned, I agree with the author that the budget will create an issue for the channel in the long term for it to compete. Still what mater in this issue is the idea that the channel will cover news using French eye. The channel is highly supported by President Chirac, who launched his campaign to fight the idea of media images (The global battle of image). France is among other countries who are against the massive flow of information that is controlled by the hand of few channels. France regards culture as being a sacred issue that should be protected as well as language. As a reaction towards this, France launched the channel to represent this view which is within the government agenda. However, one should take into consideration that the channel will use many languages naming French, English, Spanish and Arabic within its global battle of image. One question should be asked: What would be the perspectives of France 24 with the new president?
Chapter 13 Communication and Culture
Introduction
Raymond Williams has called it “one of the three most complicated worlds in the English language.•At the broadest level we may speak of human culture, but more frequently we refer to national culture.•Culture and Mass MediaMass media as a main component of any nation’s culture.For some, they are low cultural forms.For others, they should be examined•
What is culture industries?
The term was coined by Theodor Adorno and Max HorkheimerIn their 1947 work, Dialetic of Enlightenment , They defined the term as “products which are tailored for consumption, are manufactured more or less according to plan”They believed that the real pupose of mass media was to provide ideological justification for the capitalistic societies where these industries developed.•
There are specific types of culture
Business has its own set of cultural characteristicsAny organization has its own culture that keeps people attached to it and allows members to identify with itWe all belong to multiple groups, each with its own characteristics culture, including shools, religious organizations, civic groups, and even neighborhood groups
Cultural Imperialism
“It is not individual practices we are blaming, but a contextualizing structure: capitalism, not just as economicpractices, but as the central positioning of economic practices within the social ordering of collective existence” •Some Researchers conduct different studies to know the reaction of people on imported media•Ethnographic Studies: It is conducted through observationof small samples and draw conclusions about what the relationships the researcher thinks a given behavior has with the consumption of imported media.•Self Selected Sample: responses to an ad in a Dutch newspaper requesting information from people about why they like Dallas.•Liebes and Katz study: most extensive empirical study, but it included only 40-80 people selected non-randomly from each community.
Defending cultural autonomy•
Countries with large domestic markets for cultural products always have an advantage in films and television production because they are:•able to charge less•able to remain competitive with other exports–Countries with low productions markets employ these strategies:»Quotas»Subsidies and Grants»Regional alliances (co-productions)»Adaptations of programs produced in other cultures»Resistance measures•Despite an international film and television market dominated by the U.S., people still tend to prefer their local cultures and local cultural products•In India, Japan, Russia, and Brazil, 70-90% of television content is produced domestically•Bollywood music and movies appeal to larger audiences, Indian and non-Indian alike, throughout the world–Hollywood collaborates with Bollywood to make Indian-style films for Indian marketMusic•Germany has the world’s third largest music market after the U.S. and Japan•About half of music sales in Spain is Latin American and Spanish artists and half of French music sales are to French artists•Spanish/Latin music is also popular in U.S. pop culture
How is Media influencing Cultural Media•
It is possible for people to access global media•People address only a particular ethnic, religious, political, linguistic, and racial interest Result: We stop learning about others and focus only on ourselves and those who are like us.
Fusion in the Media•
Roberston disputes the notion of media imperialism– cultural messages sent from the U.S to other cultures are differentially received and interpreted according to the local cultural context– U.S produced films and TV programs to a global market because they need the international market to be profiatble– National cultural resources end up being interpreted and consumed in a local way and no longer belong to the culture where they originate–Ideas and cultural products flow from the ‘periphery’ to the ‘center’
Raymond Williams has called it “one of the three most complicated worlds in the English language.•At the broadest level we may speak of human culture, but more frequently we refer to national culture.•Culture and Mass MediaMass media as a main component of any nation’s culture.For some, they are low cultural forms.For others, they should be examined•
What is culture industries?
The term was coined by Theodor Adorno and Max HorkheimerIn their 1947 work, Dialetic of Enlightenment , They defined the term as “products which are tailored for consumption, are manufactured more or less according to plan”They believed that the real pupose of mass media was to provide ideological justification for the capitalistic societies where these industries developed.•
There are specific types of culture
Business has its own set of cultural characteristicsAny organization has its own culture that keeps people attached to it and allows members to identify with itWe all belong to multiple groups, each with its own characteristics culture, including shools, religious organizations, civic groups, and even neighborhood groups
Cultural Imperialism
“It is not individual practices we are blaming, but a contextualizing structure: capitalism, not just as economicpractices, but as the central positioning of economic practices within the social ordering of collective existence” •Some Researchers conduct different studies to know the reaction of people on imported media•Ethnographic Studies: It is conducted through observationof small samples and draw conclusions about what the relationships the researcher thinks a given behavior has with the consumption of imported media.•Self Selected Sample: responses to an ad in a Dutch newspaper requesting information from people about why they like Dallas.•Liebes and Katz study: most extensive empirical study, but it included only 40-80 people selected non-randomly from each community.
Defending cultural autonomy•
Countries with large domestic markets for cultural products always have an advantage in films and television production because they are:•able to charge less•able to remain competitive with other exports–Countries with low productions markets employ these strategies:»Quotas»Subsidies and Grants»Regional alliances (co-productions)»Adaptations of programs produced in other cultures»Resistance measures•Despite an international film and television market dominated by the U.S., people still tend to prefer their local cultures and local cultural products•In India, Japan, Russia, and Brazil, 70-90% of television content is produced domestically•Bollywood music and movies appeal to larger audiences, Indian and non-Indian alike, throughout the world–Hollywood collaborates with Bollywood to make Indian-style films for Indian marketMusic•Germany has the world’s third largest music market after the U.S. and Japan•About half of music sales in Spain is Latin American and Spanish artists and half of French music sales are to French artists•Spanish/Latin music is also popular in U.S. pop culture
How is Media influencing Cultural Media•
It is possible for people to access global media•People address only a particular ethnic, religious, political, linguistic, and racial interest Result: We stop learning about others and focus only on ourselves and those who are like us.
Fusion in the Media•
Roberston disputes the notion of media imperialism– cultural messages sent from the U.S to other cultures are differentially received and interpreted according to the local cultural context– U.S produced films and TV programs to a global market because they need the international market to be profiatble– National cultural resources end up being interpreted and consumed in a local way and no longer belong to the culture where they originate–Ideas and cultural products flow from the ‘periphery’ to the ‘center’
Chapter 6
Global News and Information Flow in the Internet Age
Internet is universally characterized as a revolutionary medium as it has opened up a new world of information and communication. For instance, the International Telecommunication Union stated that by 2004, internet users had grown to nearly 700 million from around 360 million in 2000. However, at the same years three quarters of the world’s population did not own a telephone, a computer and a modem.
Origin and early history of news agencies
The first half of the 1800s, the mass market press emerged by the creation of at least three of the major Westren news agencies: Associated Press, Reuters, and Agence France-Presse. The mass market emerged as advertising became a significant source of revenue in industrialized societies. Adding to this, the rise in literacy and economic levels played an important part in this emergence.
Michael Schudson attributed the mass market to the emergence of a “democratic market society” or the “Jacksonian” or mass democracy.
Agence France-Presse
Among the oldest of the four major Western international news agencies is Agence France –Presse. It was created by Charles-Louis Havas in 1835. Havas expanded his operations by hiring more correspondents and used the newly invented telegraph for faster delivery of news.
With the control of the Nazi over the French government, the agency was part of the official Nazi news agency which was set up as a propaganda office. In 1957, the agency became independent and took the name of the Agence France-Presse.
Associated press
The Associated Press grew out of the Harbor News Association, formed by 10 men representing six News York City newspapers in 1848. The newspaper at that time competed by sending reporters out in row boats to meet the ships as they arrived in New York harbor. It opened its first overseas bureau in Nova Scotia.
Supplemental News Agencies
The major supplemental services in the US are the New York Times News Services, the Los Angles Times-Washington Post News Services, and Dow Jones Newswires.
Broadcast News Services
Reuters and Associated Press Television News and the two dominant video news agencies in the world today, after taking over the operations of Visnews and WTN, respectively. Reuters has long claimed to have the world’s largest television news services, twice the size of CNN’s international news-gathering television news services, twice the size of CNN’s international news gathering operations.
Global Newspapers, Magazines, and Broadcasters
Several newspapers, magazines, and broadcasting organizations also play a significant role as puveyors of news globally. Three newspapers that are especially valued by opinion leaders around the world are The New York Times, The Times of London, and The Guardian.
The London Times, which became a tabloid in November 2004, had a daily circulation of 682.109, and The Guardian sold 377.292 copies daily in late 2004.
Around newsmagazines, three stand out for their global reach-Time, Newsweek, and Britain’s Economist. CNN International’s biggest competitor today is BBC World. Another significant player in international television news broadcasting is Deutsche Well TV, the GERMAN Public broadcaster’s international satellite television channel. DW-TV broadcast news and public affairs programming in Germany, English, and Spanish in rotating 2 hour time slots.
News Flow Patterns: Offline and Online
Developing countries have also raised specific concerns since the 1970s regarding the pattern of news flow emerging from the dominance of Western News agencies. People are forced to see each other, and even themselves, through the medium of these agencies because they are major suppliers of news to the developing countries which raise a big concern.
Internet is universally characterized as a revolutionary medium as it has opened up a new world of information and communication. For instance, the International Telecommunication Union stated that by 2004, internet users had grown to nearly 700 million from around 360 million in 2000. However, at the same years three quarters of the world’s population did not own a telephone, a computer and a modem.
Origin and early history of news agencies
The first half of the 1800s, the mass market press emerged by the creation of at least three of the major Westren news agencies: Associated Press, Reuters, and Agence France-Presse. The mass market emerged as advertising became a significant source of revenue in industrialized societies. Adding to this, the rise in literacy and economic levels played an important part in this emergence.
Michael Schudson attributed the mass market to the emergence of a “democratic market society” or the “Jacksonian” or mass democracy.
Agence France-Presse
Among the oldest of the four major Western international news agencies is Agence France –Presse. It was created by Charles-Louis Havas in 1835. Havas expanded his operations by hiring more correspondents and used the newly invented telegraph for faster delivery of news.
With the control of the Nazi over the French government, the agency was part of the official Nazi news agency which was set up as a propaganda office. In 1957, the agency became independent and took the name of the Agence France-Presse.
Associated press
The Associated Press grew out of the Harbor News Association, formed by 10 men representing six News York City newspapers in 1848. The newspaper at that time competed by sending reporters out in row boats to meet the ships as they arrived in New York harbor. It opened its first overseas bureau in Nova Scotia.
Supplemental News Agencies
The major supplemental services in the US are the New York Times News Services, the Los Angles Times-Washington Post News Services, and Dow Jones Newswires.
Broadcast News Services
Reuters and Associated Press Television News and the two dominant video news agencies in the world today, after taking over the operations of Visnews and WTN, respectively. Reuters has long claimed to have the world’s largest television news services, twice the size of CNN’s international news-gathering television news services, twice the size of CNN’s international news gathering operations.
Global Newspapers, Magazines, and Broadcasters
Several newspapers, magazines, and broadcasting organizations also play a significant role as puveyors of news globally. Three newspapers that are especially valued by opinion leaders around the world are The New York Times, The Times of London, and The Guardian.
The London Times, which became a tabloid in November 2004, had a daily circulation of 682.109, and The Guardian sold 377.292 copies daily in late 2004.
Around newsmagazines, three stand out for their global reach-Time, Newsweek, and Britain’s Economist. CNN International’s biggest competitor today is BBC World. Another significant player in international television news broadcasting is Deutsche Well TV, the GERMAN Public broadcaster’s international satellite television channel. DW-TV broadcast news and public affairs programming in Germany, English, and Spanish in rotating 2 hour time slots.
News Flow Patterns: Offline and Online
Developing countries have also raised specific concerns since the 1970s regarding the pattern of news flow emerging from the dominance of Western News agencies. People are forced to see each other, and even themselves, through the medium of these agencies because they are major suppliers of news to the developing countries which raise a big concern.
Chapter 4
The Translational Media Corporation and the Economic of Global Competition
The translational media corporation
There are two major concepts concerning the translational media corporation. The first one is that such companies operate in most of all markets of the world. Few companies operate in all markets of the world. The second myth is related to the fact that most companies are monolithic in their approach of business.
The purpose of a global media strategy
As a company’s exports steadily increases, it establishes a foreign office to handle the sales and services of its products. Later on as the pressure arises, there is recognition of a more comprehensive global strategy. Most importantly, major corporations become foreign direct investors through a process of gradual evolution rather than by deliberate choice.
The globalization of marketers
The globalization of marketers involves the full integration of transnational business, nation states, and technologies operating at a higher speed.
The role of free market: free market capitalism is the only economic system operating in the world. Free market trade attempts to promote as much domestic competition as needed and to presuppose a willingness to open up one’s domestic market to foreign investment
- Foreign direct investment: it refers to the ownership of a company in a foreign country. There are five reasons why companies engage in foreign direct investment
· Proprietary and physical assets: some NTC’s invest abroad for the purpose of obtaining specific proprietary assets and natural resources
· Foreign market penetration: they invest abroad for the purpose of entering a foreign market and serving it from that location.
· Production and distribution efficiencies: the coast of labor is important factors in the selection of foreign locations. Some countries offer significant benefits such a slower coast, tax relief, and technological infrastructure.
· Overcoming regulatory barriers to entry: they invest for the purpose if entering into a market that is heavily tariffed.
· Empire building: the CEO is shaping the beliefs and the motivations of the organization as a whole
· The risk associated with FDI: there are serious risks of investing in a country such as political instability, wars, revolutions, and coups.
Translational media ownership
Mergers, acquisitions, and strategic alliances are the different ways that companies can join to achieve increased market share to diversify product line and create efficiency.
· Mergers: it happens when two companies are combined into one company.
· Acquisition: it involves the purchase of one company to another one for the purpose of adding the firm’s productive capacity.
· Strategic alliances: two or more companies work to achieve a collective advantage.
There are four reasons why mergers and acquisitions fail
lack of a compelling strategic rational
failure to perform due diligence
post manager planning and integration failures
financing and the problems of excessive debt
Media and global finance
The business of media and telecommunication is an industry characterized by high startup coasts high risk. In order to obtain the necessary financing, today‘s media and telecommunication companies will either use their own money or seek the assistance of financial institution.
The role of global capital markets
It brings together those companies and individuals who want to invest money and those who want to borrow it.
Capital market loans
Capital market loans are either equity loans or debt loans. An equity loan is made when a corporation sells stock to investors. A stock offering enables individual investors to purchase shares - The principle of Core Competency is crucial to understand at this point. The term suggests that a highly successful company is one that possesses a specialized production process, brand recognition, or ownership of talent that enables it to achieve higher revenues and market dominance relative to its competitors.
Vertical integration: it is when a company will control most or all its operational phases.
Broadening communication: the ability to distribute multichannel information and entertainment services to the home.
Transnational media and the marketplace ideas
A market is said to be highly concentrated if it is dominated by a limited number of firms.
The deregulation paradox: is supposed to foster competition and open to new services provided - The market place of ideas: a small set of dominant media corporation exercises a disorientate effect over the marketplace ideas.
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